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TVS diodes TVS (transient voltage suppressor) diodes are used to protect traces from high voltage spikes. They work by shunting currents when the voltage exceeds the  avalanche breakdown potential. They are basically  high-power Zener diodes . They start conducting at a preset voltage and are tailored for low on-times. Transient Voltage Suppressor or TVS Diodes are an effective solution to protect other semiconductors from any damaging surge levels they may be exposed to. Some confusion can arise as ESD diodes can often be referred to as TVS diodes in literature. However, there is a clear distinction. TVS diodes are particularly efficient in countering medium-voltage high-energy pulses that last milliseconds, in comparison to ESD protection devices which address higher voltage pulses of lower energy and shorter duration. And while they may seem like Zener diodes, TVS diodes are specifically designed to suppress transients rather than regulate voltage. To effectively

switching regulator  A voltage controller that uses a changing component to change the supply into a rotating current, which is then changed over to an alternate voltage utilizing capacitors, inductors, and different components, at that point changed over back to DC. The circuit incorporates guideline and separating parts to safeguard an unfaltering yield. Switching regulators or DC-DC converters are used universally in almost all electronic devices. They are popular as they have high efficiency during both step up (boost converter) and step down (buck converter) of DC voltage. Below may be a simplified diagram of a buck convertor that is used to step down DC voltage. A controller IC is needed to sense the feedback voltage and alter the switching PWM consequently. Some DC-DC converters today replace the diode with a transistor for synchronous rectification for higher efficiency. This efficiency comes at a higher cost as a more complex driver is needed. How does a switch

Aluminum capacitors are a type of electrolytic capacitor. A capacitor is a two terminal electrical component that can store energy, somewhat like a battery. Aluminum capacitors are polarised, meaning that the energy can only flow in a single direction. The aluminium forming an extremely thin insulating layer of aluminum oxide, which acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. Low Temperature Characteristics of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Various parameters of aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as well as in operation temperatures and electrical ratings, are greatly influenced by the characteristics of the electrolyte. The properties of the liquid electrolyte that are considerably affected by temperature variations include electrical conductivity and viscosity. The electrical conductivity of the electrolyte increases with an increase in temperature and reduces with a decrease in temperature. Temperature variations have additional impact on the characteristics of aluminum electr