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Linear Voltage Regulators Linear Voltage regulators are easy voltage regulator circuits usually utilized in electronics. This paper shortly discusses however linear regulators work, their benefits and disadvantages, variations on the linear regulator, and necessary datasheet parameters. How Linear regulators work Linear Voltage regulators use a closed feedback circuit to bias a pass component to keep up a continuing voltage across its output terminals. The op-amp drives the base of Q1 to ensure that the voltage at its inverting input will be equal to the voltage reference at its non-inverting input. The op-amp in this circuit has a small load, the base current, and minimal capacitive loading. Consequently, it can respond to changes in load very quickly. Two things can be observed from this schematic: 1.) Linear regulators are reduction converters, meaning that the output voltage will always be less than the input voltage. In fact, there's a minimum voltage disti

Electric Double Layer Capacitors Electric double layer capacitors are two-terminal energy storage devices that collect voltage as current flows through an electrical circuit. They generate electrical field between two conductor plates and are referred to as super capacitors. Electric double-layer capacitors are supported the operational principle of the electrical double-layer that is shaped at the interface between activated charcoal and a solution. The activated charcoal is used as an electrode, and the principle behind the capacitor. Activated charcoal is employed in its solid form, and the electrolytic fluid is liquid. When these materials are available contact with one another, the positive and negative poles are distributed relative to each other over an extremely short distance. Such a phenomenon is known as an electric double-layer. When an external electric field is applied, the electric double-layer that is formed in the vicinity of the activated charcoal's surf

How Relays Work Relays are switches that open and shut circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays control one electric circuit by opening and shutting contacts in another circuit. As relay diagrams show, once a relay contact is generally open (NO), there's an open contact once the relay isn't energized. When a relay contact is generally Closed (NC), there's a closed contact once the relay isn't energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts can amendment their state. Relays are sometimes accustomed switch smaller currents in a very feedback loop and do not sometimes management power intense devices with the exception of small motors and Solenoids that draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays will "control" larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying impact because a little voltage applied to a relays coil may result in a very large voltage being switched by the contacts. Electromechanical Relays vs Solid Sta

What is zener diode? A zener diode may be a special kind of device designed to control within the zener breakdown region. Zener diodes acts like traditional p-n junction diodes underneath forward biased condition. When forward biased voltage is applied to the zener diode it allows large amount of electric current and blocks only a small amount of electric current. Zener diode is heavily doped than the traditional p-n junction diode. Hence, it has very thin depletion region. Therefore, zener diodes allow more electric current than the normal p-n junction diodes. Zener diode allows electric current in forward direction like a normal diode but also allows electric current in the reverse direction if the applied reverse voltage is greater than the zener voltage. Zener diode is usually connected in reverse direction because it's specifically designed to figure in reverse direction. Zener diode definition A zener diode may be a p-n junction semiconductor device designed to

What is a Thermistor? A thermistor may be a thermally sensitive resistor that exhibits an exact and sure modification in resistance proportional to little changes in body temperature. How much its resistance can modification depends upon its distinctive composition. Thermistors are a part of a bigger cluster of passive components. And unlike their active element counterparts, passive devices are incapable of providing power gain, or amplification to a circuit. Thermistors are made up of metallic oxides, binders and stabilizers, pressed into wafers and then cut to chip size, left in disc form, or made into another shape. The precise quantitative relation of the composite materials governs their resistance/temperature “curve.” Manufacturers typically control this ratio with great accuracy, since it determines how the thermistor will function. Thermistor History Michael Faraday; AN English person, first discovered the concept of thermistors in 1833 while reporting on the semic